Now a days there is an impulse to search for eco-friendly or natural pigments particularly microbial pigments because there is an increasing awareness regarding the ill- effects of artificial pigments on food, environment and health. These microbial pigments are light absorbing compounds with unique physiochemical properties like stability to light, heat and pH. Microbial pigments are not only eco-friendly but also known for their numerous beneficial properties like antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-larval and anti-cancer. In this study, pigment producer was screened from soil and the pigment production was done on a modified nutrient medium. The optimization of the pigment production under various fermentation conditions was carried out on laboratory scale and the pigment was extracted by solvent extraction method. The organism was gram negative short bacillus of Jathinobacterium species. The higher yield of violacein pigment by Jathinobacterium species was under optimum nutrient concentrations which consist of 0.5% glucose, 1.5% peptone as carbon & nitrogen source respectively, and growth conditions of pH 8.0 at 37°C for 72 hr under steady state. However, this Jathinobacterium species can be exploited for large scale production of violacein pigment which can be further implemented in different industries for various applications.

Keyword:Violacein, Jathinobacterium species, Optimization, Production, Microbial pigments.

This study was conducted to assess the effect of growth hormones on rooting percentage and number of leaves. Stem cuttings of Jatropha curcas were treated with different growth hormones. It was observed that the stem cuttings treated with IBA proved significantly effective for rooting percentage and number of leaves. While comparing with different hormones treatments maximum rooting and leaves were observed for IBA at 200 ppm.

Pests are one of the most challenging threats to the agricultural ecosystem. The occurrence and infestation severity of pests was studied in the agroecosystem of the Vadodara district for two years. The maximum numbers of potential pests were observed from orders like Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Lepidoptera, and Hemiptera. In the present study, a total of 163 pest species were recorded, where order Coleoptera was represented with the highest number of 69 species belonging to 16 families, order Orthoptera with 34 species belonging to 4 families, Lepidoptera with 31 species representing 12 families and Hemiptera with 29 species represented by 13 families. The present study provides scientific data about the assessment of incidence and infestation severity of pest insects in the agroecosystem of Vadodara, which will provide baseline information to farmers in monitoring and managing the control of pest in and near Vadodara district.

Agrochemicals are a significant cause of concern for the aquatic environment due to their toxicity, persistence and propensity to build up in the organisms. Imidacloprid (IMI) is a neonicotinoid insecticide widely used across the world. Improper and widespread usage and accidental exposure through agriculture runoff, IMI poses a major threat to nontarget aquatic organisms. Although fish being a major source of protein-rich food for the human being, concerns are raised against the health status and vulnerability of fish, leading to the entry of toxicants into the food chain. In this context, the present study is a replicating condition of insecticide exposure in the laboratory, where the toxic potential of IMI with their two sub lethal concentration (LC50/10th and LC 50/20th) was tested (0.074 ppm and 0.04 ppm). Furthermore, the acute toxicity effect of IMI was validated by the behavioral response, histological alteration and biochemical estimation of Acetylcholine esterase (AchE) in the brain of Oreochromis mossambicus. Our result demonstrates that IMI has resulted in neuronal injury in the brain, resulting in severe abnormalities and suggests that alteration in AchE levels can be a good bioindicator for monitoring neuro-toxicity caused by insecticides.

The COI gene in mitochondria is used to identify unique sequence for DNA barcode. Spiders are found to be habitat specific and their morphological characters misguide researchers due to the molting stagesin juveniles. DNA barcodes are Molecular signatures which are used to identify spider species.Using this technique we were able toassign DNA barcodes tosixdifferent families of spider species in Beed district of Maharashtra state. Since these barcodes are specific to each species, they can help in identifying and differentiating closely related species and sub-species.

Tomato plant has been transformed with Cry1AcF gene and 14 putative events were found to be positive for both nptII and cry1AcF. In further advancement of these positive events 7 events shown inheritance in Mendelian ratio i.e. 3:1 in T1 generation and also these putative events were positive for the ELISA test in T0 and T1 generations. Bio efficacy has also tested against H. armigera for T1 events and four putative events shown maximum mean mortality as Bst4(84.5± 4.32%), Bst5 (82.5±4.78%), Bst8 (96±1.78%) and Bst10 (92.5±2.43%). Thus, this study indicates that Cry 1AcF gene effective against H. armigera resistance in tomato.

Osteoporosis is a skeletal disease which is characterised by decreased bone mineral density leading to increased bone fragility and a consequent enhanced in fracture risk. Many treatments for osteoporosis are available like bisphosphonate therapy, hormonal replacement therapy but these treatments come with serious side effects. Due to this, herbal medicines have gained attraction as an alternative to current therapies. India carries a rich legacy of many of such Herbal medicines. One such herb Litsea glutinousa (LG) is recognized and studied for its anti-osteoporotic effects. Moreover, methanolic extract of bark of LG have been shown to contain various bioactive compounds like, alkaloids, flavonoids etc. In present study, we have employed molecular docking approach to identify specific targets which shows higher probability of binding with LG components using SwissTargetPrediction online software. The results revealed that molecules (Androstane, Crinamine, Cinnamolaurine, Thiocoumarin and Gestonorone) illustrated an affinity in the range of 0.50 to 0.89 to different target proteins. To validate results of this in-silico study, subsequent in-vitro study was conducted in which osteoblastic cell line SaOS2were treated with methanolic extract of LG. It was observed that the genes of identified proteins like Androgen receptor, dopamine, glucocorticoid receptors and cytochrome 450 are significantly altered upon LG treatment. Androgen receptor, dopamine receptor (D2) and cytochrome P450 were observed to be upregulated significantly in the range of 1.3 – 2.6 whereas glucocorticoid receptor was downregulated upto 0.6 times compared to control. In conclusion, the present study proves the possible mode of action of LG regulating the osteoblastogenesis, a positive response towards osteoporosis and the application of In-silico studies combined with in-vitro studies in understanding the specific mechanistic action of LG's anti-osteoporotic property.

The present study was undertaken to develop efficient protocol for in vitro propagation of Citrus aurantiifolia cv. Sai Sharbati through nodal shoot segments. Explants produced multiple buds when cultured on murashige and skoog’s medium containing 0.5 mgl−1 BAP and 1.0 mgl−1 GA3. BAP was recorded to be better than kinetin in terms of multiplication rate, average shoot height and average number of leaves. Separated shoots were rooted on MS medium containing different concentrations of growth hormones NAA and IBA, from which half strength medium supplemented with 1.0 mgl−1 IBA was superior to NAA. In vitro plantlets were hardened using different potting mixtures, highest survival (90.23 %) success was achieved after transfer to cocopeat. In vitro plantlets were successfully acclimatized in greenhouse.

The plant has noted medicinal value, pods and leaves are diuretic, expectorant, sedative, used for parasitic skin diseases, cough etc. Present investigation deals with morphology, stem and leaf anatomy, to standardize the species.

During the systematic investigation of desmid flora of Jalgaon district, Maharashtra, author visited to different fresh water habitats of Jalgaon district and recorded 15 taxa of genus Closterium Nitzsch, of these Closterium acutum(Lyngb.)Breb.var. linea (Perty) West et West, C. dianae Ehr. Var. brevius (Wittr.) Petkoff, C. dianae Ehr. Var. pseudodianae (Roy) Krieg, C. moniliferum (Bory) Ehr. Var. malinvernianiforme (Gronble) Kossinskaja are reported first time from Maharashtra. Closterium dianae Ehr.var. dianae f. dianae is newly added to Indian desmids while C. archerianum Cleve, C.closterioides (Ralfs.) Levis et Peetrs var. closterioides, C.cynthia De Not.,C. kuetzingii Breb.,C.lanceolatum Kuetz., C.leibleinii Kuetz. Var. recurvatum W. et G. S. West, C.lunula (Muell.) Nitzsch, C.rectimarginatum Scott et Prescott, C. setaceum Ehr. Var. minor Kumawat and C. tumidulum Gay. are recorded from the study area. All the taxa are systematically described with illustrations.

The genus Senecio L.is the largest genus in the family Asteraceae Bercht. & J. Presl. Comprising about 3000 species in the world, mainly distributed in sub-tropical and tropical region of the world. It is very difficult to delimit the taxa from the genus because of lack of defined taxonomic boundaries that has lead to a major confusion and conflict in this genus. In the present work taxonomic and cytological studies in genus Senecio L. from Maharashtra was carried out. Out of 8 species reported from Maharashtra, 3 endemic species viz. S. bomabyensis N. P. Balakr, S. dalzellii C. B. Cl., and S. edgeworthii Hook. f. were studied for their mitotic studies and it was found that all the three species has 2n= 20 chromosome number with a variation in the karyotype. Here with we report the chromosome number for two species viz. S. bomabyensis N. P. Balakr, S. edgeworthii Hook. f.

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is pandemic and has caused due to SARS-CoV-2 illness with SARS, MERS, COVID-19 has spread more rapidly due to adoption of virus in every environment. As the virus spread globally, COVID-19 cases will significantly reduce by the use of some decoction of medicinal plants like Tinospora (Gulvel), Withania (Ashwagandha), Zingiber (Ginger/Adrak) Curcuma (Haldi), Ocimum (Tulsi) etc. can boost the immune system. It also needs to do physical exercise like Yoga, Pranayama daily which can helps to health benefits and fitness. To verifying symptoms, structure of virus among COVID-19, SARS, MERS and common flu and its immune response, recent diagnosis for coronavirus have been discussed in this paper. Further suggest some traditional Indian medicinal plants against COVID-19. The pathways to boost immune system by some kadhas or herbal tea and exercise daily for health benefits.

The human activities that are toxic to the natural ecosystem are tr ansport, agriculture, industrial and domestic waste disposal. The environmental pollution in soil is due to multifarious activities of man. The soil forms the intermediate zone between earth's atmosphere, the lithosphere, and the rock cover. The soil can be described as the earth’s uppermost weathered crust layer in which mixed organisms and the products of their death and decay are present. In present study it was preferred to investigate the soil samples for its chemical analysis and physical analysis. The Seven soil samples were collected from Mehesana and Patan district in different area. The results depends on quality of Seven representative soil samples were obtained and analyzed for its PH, Electrical conductivity, Temperature, moisture content, water holding capacity, phosphates, chloride, alkalinity, carbonate, bicarbonate and organic content present in soil .

The present work as undertaken to study effect of Amla juice (Emblica officinalis) with combination of BAP and Adenine sulphate on in vitro shoot induction of medicinally important plant Viola odorata L. by using apical bud and axillary buds as a explant. Viola odorata L. is known for pharmaceutical importance in Unani and Ayurvedic medicinal system. medium was supplemented with different combination of BAP, amla juice and Adenine sulphate. E. officinalis contains higher amount of vitamin C and contain nicotinic acid, iron, minerals, protein and amino acids like glutamic acid, proline, cystanin. Number of shoot and number of shoot length(cm) were recorded after 40 days of inoculation. BAP with amla juice was found effective in shoot induction. Maximum number of shoots (11) were recorded at MS medium supplemented with 2.5mg/l BAP+30mg adenine sulphate+2ml amla juice/l and maximum shoot lenght (5.38) also recorded at same concentration.

Trachyspermum ammi commonly known as ‘Ajwain’ belonging to family Apiaceae. The plant is used traditionally in medicine and food for humans and animals. Considering its importance present investigations were carried out for studying effect of VAM Glomus fasciculatum. Positive results were seen for various parameter of vegetative growth. VAM improves phosphate absorption capacity of plants which helps in improving the growth and development. The result of present investigation clearly indicates that Trachyspermum ammi responds well to the mycorrhizal inoculation under pot condition.

The gum of Boswellia species has been used as incense in religious and cultural ceremonies and in medicines since time immemorial. Gum is naturally occurring chemical substance in the plant, Boswellia serrata (Salai/Salai guggul), is a moderate to large sized branching tree of family Burseraceae (Genus Boswellia), grows in dry mountainous regions of India, Northern Africa and Middle East. After processing, the gum is then graded according to its flavour, colour, shape and size. In India, the States of Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh are the main source of Boswellia serrata. There are different name of plants according to locality. Gum is a substance which exudates naturally from the stem or from the wounds of trees. Gums are colloidal in nature soluble in water but completely insoluble in alcohol and ether. Impact of gum collected from was studied for different time period of 1% gum concentration on the germination of cereals, pulses and oil seeds like wheat, jowar, cowpea, gram, safflower and soybean. Percent germination or percent inhibition of germination, root and shoot length of seedlings was measured after 7 days of incubation at room temperature. It was concluded from the present investigation that 1% concentration of Boswellia serrata gum was found to promote the germination of wheat, jowar, cowpea, and soybean at 10-hour treatment.

Estimation of organic matter carried out for successive three years with respect to Lablab purpurens (L) crop of rhizospheric and non - rhizospheric region. For this estimation soil sample of four different localities was collected before and after the sowing crop. This crop cultivated during the rabbi season in konkan reagion. The estimation of organic matter was done by the modified Walkley and Black’s method, (1934). During study it was observed that organic matter rhizospheric soil higher as compare to non-rhizospheric soil if all other physical parameters are constant. Organic matter improves quality of soil, enhances the water holding capacity and provides the suitable growth of microbes.

Fenugreek is truly multipurpose herb. Fenugreek Leaves and seeds are important for cooking used as supplement to control blood glucose, specifically especially to prevent diabetes balance cholesterol, reduce fat mass maintain liver and kidney health, reduce fever, etc. It is a common ingredient dishes and often taken as a supplement. The seed borne pathogens are one of the major causes of diseases in growing crops because of poor health and quality of seeds. The methi Leaves and seeds associated with fungi found to be enable germinate to realize this aspect, the study has been undertaken and it was observed that total six common and dominant fungal species like Alternaria tenuis auct,Aspergillus flavus link ex.Fr., Aspergillus niger van Teigh., Curvularia,lunata, Drechsletra tetramera, Subbram.& jain., Fusarium moniliforme and Rizoporus stolonifer ehrenb on the methi leaves. This part is also devoted for the study effect of common and dominant vegetable mycroflora on protein, fat and fiber content of methi leaves. In order to study the bio deterioration the methi leaves were surface sterilized with 0.2% HgCl2 subsequently washed with distilled and then artificially treated with the spore suspension of the common and dominant methi mycroflora. After incubation the methi leaves were washed with sterile distilled water. Percentage of protein, fat and fiber content of the methi leaves was studied by different method and condition. The results to note that on the test fungi found to be caused reduction in protein, fat and fiber content of the methi leaves.

The gut micro flora plays important role in fish health and diseases. Gut micro flora shows negative impact on fish nutritive value. Identification of freshwater fish micro flora is essential for the safety of fish intended for human consumption. In this present study, the intestinal micro flora of freshwater fish Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) were analyzed using traditional culture-based techniques collected from local fish market, Jalgaon Dist. Intestinal micro flora was retrieved using the dilution plate technique on selective media. Microorganisms are characterized with the help of morphological and biochemical method. The result of this study revealed that, the bacterial flora of the intestine of freshwater fish consist Pseudomonas and Bacillus Sp. The present preliminary study shows that isolated strain may have adaptation to utilization of diversity of resources for various purposes in industry.

The paper deals with the aerial dissemination of Cercospora muse zimm spores on banana at Kaigaontoka Aurangabad. Cercospora spores causes Leaf spot diseases of banana (Musa paradisiaca L.). Basrai variety was studied by using “Tilak air sampler ‘for the period of three year (From1stJune2012 to 31stmay 2015). During present investigations spores of Cercospora were observed on 29th July 2012. Severity of disease incidence and spread of disease was maximum in the field from 09 Sept.2012 .Spores appeared initially at 390th day of plantation. The highest concentration of spores were recorded in the period of 28th Sept 2012 to 14th Jan 2013.Temperature, Relative humidity and Rainfall plays an important roles in multiplication of inoculums and subsequent spread. Present studies provide a basis for obtaining a probable forecasting in future.

The present work deals with the studies of impact on weight gain in early-age broiler chicks through electronic devices. World wise more use of various electronic devices by the people in various sector concern to this study. Particularly in poultry industry the more use of electronic devices creates a serious health related problem in the early age broiler chicks. Broiler chicks provide protein rich food and a good source of animal protein for the human being. It also provide additional income source to the farmers to improve their economic condition, for that it is necessary to maintain the proper health condition particularly weight of the broiler chicks. In the developing field of technology and by using modern techniques it is necessary to manufacture many electronic devices those are popularly used by the peoples. Cell phone is one of the most popular and widely used electronic devices. The radiation emitted from the media of electronic devices in the environment causes various hazardous effect on the health of living organisms. Considering the environment of the poultry farming during the rearing period of early age broiler chicks, this study indicates that the continuous use of cell phones emits Electro-Magnetic Radiation (EMR) in the poultry environment, ultimately affects the health of chicks. For this study the experiment of three different groups was conducted to investigate the effect of electro-magnetic radiation on the body weight of early age broiler chicks. Group I was kept as a control and groups II and III were subjected both short and long duration of exposure of electromagnetic radiation respectively. From the above analysis it was found that long-term radiation exposure showed a reduction in average body weight compare to short-term radiation duration. Other details discussed in the text.

Adhatoda vasica Nees. is an evergreen, perennial shrub with terete glabrous stem belonging to family Acanthaceae. Its leaves are medicinally exploited to treat several diseases and disorders. Being an important ayurvedic drug it is deliberately adulterated. Phytochemical studies in this leafy drug are carried out to standardize and detect the adulteration in it. The phytochemical studies include details of characters of leaf powder like colour, odour, taste, Alkaloids, Anthraqinone, Iridoids, Saponins, Steroids, Tannins (Qualitative) and dry matter, bulk density, nitrogen, Water soluble nitrogen, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, total ash, acid insoluble ash, acid soluble ash, water insoluble ash, water soluble ash, calcium, reducing sugar, total sugar, non-reducing sugar, cellulose, gross energy, phosphorus, extractive values in 10 solvents (Quantitative). The above parameters can be applied to standardize this leaf drug.

Citric acid demand increased in the different industries (fermented food items, beverages and pharmaceutical industries). Ancient source of citric acid was citrus fruits which contain 6 to 9% of citric acid. It was obtained by the processing of citrus fruits and precipitation of calcium salt. Traditional method citrus fruits could not sufficient for fulfill the growing demand of citric acid production. Hence alternative source of citric acid is a microbial origin. Many microorganisms are involved in the production of citric acid. In the present study Aspergillus niger is considered more suitable than the other microorganisms for production of citric acid by fermented broth method. Many factors are affecting in vitro production of citric acid. It was confirmed from tabular reading that sucrose was a suitable at 13 % to 15 % carbon source. Many factors were affecting fungal origin production of citric acid like strain of microorganism, temperature, carbon source, PH etc. were considered. Pure strain of Aspergillus niger was obtained from soil samples from different localities and from lemon fruits, 2% methanol added into culture medium gives higher yield, 13% sucrose was better carbon source than the glucose, 4.5 PH acidic was suitable for healthy production of citric acid in vitro condition.Healthy growth was found at 28-300 C temperature.

In the present study, the Chirebandi pond, Fulchur at Gondia (M.S.) was selected to study abundance of cladocerans and quality status of the water. It is situated at about 3 km from the Gondia town at Fulchur village on Gondia-Nagpur State highway No.249. It is a medium size water body, surrounded by sparsely populated area and the water of which is used for washing, bathing and for other socio-cultural practices by the villagers. To study the abundance of cladocerans related with water quality, the physico-chemical parameters of Chirebandi Pond were analyzed seasonally from June 2005 to May 2006. Water temperature, transparency, PH, Dissolved oxygen, free Carbon dioxide, Alkalinity, Total hardness, Chlorides, Nitrates, Phosphates, BOD, COD. Cladocerans were recorded as 1130 ind/lit.The study reveals that the pond water is highly polluted which is leading to the stage of eutrophication due to the unplanned urbanizations, disposals of solid wastes and anthropogenic activities by the nearby people. However, there is an urgent need of an action for conservation and to reduce pollution level before it becomes unmanageable.

Fever is the most common diseases in world including India, it is become sever in Jintur, Dist. Parbhani of Maharashtra. Several deaths occur due to fever throughout world, tribal control it by the application of native plant, they have vast knowledge and the practice of traditional medicine, it is easy and cheaper than other treatment. The tribal are completely depends on the plants for the treatment of fever and other all types of diseases. More than 75 % population uses the herbal medicine for cure diseases. The present study was there for undertaken with an objective to gather and preserve knowledge of tribal and develop a database for finding ant fever properties in future.

Phytochemicals are most important source of antibiotics that are used to treat disease. Present study or investigation deals with phytochemical analysis of leaf of Ocimum sanctum and root of Hemidesmus indicus. The extractive value estimations of Ocimum sanctum and root of Hemidesmus indicus were resolved utilizing various solvents, for example water, methanol, ethanol, acetone and chloroform. Phytochemical analysis was done by available standard methods. Phytochemical screening indicates presence of flavonoids, tannin, sterol, carbohydrates etc. an experiment was performed to investigate the antibacterial movement of ocimumsanctumand root of Hemidesmusindicus using methanol and chloroform concentrates. Agar well diffusion method was applied to access the antibacterial activity of Ocimum sanctum and root of Hemidesmus indicus against Escherichia coli (NCIM-2066), Pseudomonas aeroginosa (NCIM-5514), Staphylococcus aureus (NCIM-2079). Ocimum sanctum and Hemidesmus indicus revealed the presence of secondary metabolites or phytochemicals like flavonoids, tannin etc. which are known to exhibit medicinal as well as physiological activities.

Genus Alternaria belong to deuteromycetes having number of species and destructive plant pathogen to the families such as Solanceae, Cucurbitaceae, Brasicaceae. Capsicum belong to family Solanaceae. The capsicum crop grown in rabbi and kharip season having nutritional and economical value. Alternaria species cause early blight disease of capsicum and lose the quality and quantity of crop. The disease is control by spraying synthetic chemicals but it creates environmental, ecological problems. Now a day’s biological methods are uses to control the diseases. Biological methods are safer, biodegradable and ecofriendly, so this method is adopted by farmer rather than chemical control method. Biological agents like fungi, herbal extract and natural products are used to control diseases. In present study Alternaria tenuissima isolated from infected parts of capsicum plants on PDA medium. The different concentrations of some plant latex are prepared and used to control the infection of Alternaria.

To profile and characterize the bioactive constituents present in chloroform extract of Sargassum prismaticum using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. 10 gm sample of seaweed was extracted with chloroform by continuous shaking in dark room for 36 hrs. The concentrated seaweed extract were subjected to GC-MS analysis. The qualitative determination of the various bioactive phytocompounds from crude extract of S. prismaticum using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry revealed different types of high and low molecular weight chemical entities with varying quantities present in chloroform extract. These chemical compounds are considered biologically and pharmacologically important. Furthermore, the chloroform extract possess unique physicochemical characteristics which may be attributed to the compounds naturally present in significant quantities in the S. prismaticum. Thus, identification of different biologically active compounds in the extract of S. prismaticum justifies further biological and pharmacological studies.

A mobile or cellular telephone is a long-range, portable electronic device for personal and familiar telecommunication. The use of mobile phones by every member of family may serve as a potential vehicle for the spread of pathogenic microorganisms. The excess used of such mobile become warmer to provide favorable environment for breeding of many microorganisms that are normally found on the skin and hands. The mobile phones are used routinely all day long and the same phones are used both inside and outside the hospital playing a possible role in spreading infections to the outside community. The probable way of infection is mobile phone to hands, hands to breast and breast to mouth of baby. The used of mobile phone is restricted and hand washing before breast feeding is strictly implemented. The outbreak of constipation, vomiting, diarrhea and dysentery is noticed but it is ignored to rise of problem due to mobile phones. Practice of disinfecting cell phones was lacking both in Health care professionals and community.

Cabbage is a rich source of vitamin C and vitamin K. The health benefits of cabbage include treating constipation, stomach ulcer, obesity, skin disorder, jaundice and scurvy. Vegetables and their seeds carry large number of fungi both in field and during storage. The vegetable seed associated with the fungi found to be unable germinate. These common and dominant mycoflora associated with the test vegetable by using waste biomass of vegetable. The study of waste vegetable biomass for the seed health of vegetable crops. For this seed of the test vegetable were treated with the extract of waste vegetable biomass and seed mycoflora seed health of the test vegetable. The result observed that the WBM of all the test vegetable was found to be inhibitory for the incidence of seed mycoflora on the cabbage seed in more or less degree. The cabbage seeds treated with the WBM of Brassica oleracea vaz.capitata L. showed much reduced percentage of incidence of mycoflora (45%).

Today, the ABO blood grouping system forms the basis of a variety of research in medicine, genetics, blood transfusion and immunity. The present study was aimed to analyze the pedigree pattern of blood group between parents and their children. The maximum recorded Blood group among both maternal and paternal relatives was “A+ve” and the general tendency was towards positive Rh type. Among the surveyed, family-wise and gender-wise, the children‟s blood group matched with the mother‟s blood group or the father‟s blood group with equal frequency. Since the grandparents in both side of the family were “A+ve”, both families predominantly display “A+ve” blood group. But, wherever any other blood group (A+ve, B+ve, AB+ve, O+ve and B-ve) was introduced through marriage, those blood groups appeared in the next generation.

The present investigation deals with the study of microscopic air spora over the Onion (Allium cepa L.) (Vegetable) field at Udgir. This study was conducted for rabbi season from 1st November 2017 to 25th January 2018 using continuous Tilak air sampler. In the air sampling 56 airborne components trapped among these 01 belongs to Phycomycetes, 12 belongs to Ascomycetes, 03 belongs to Basidiomycetes, 34 to Deuteromycetes and 06 to other types. The highest percentage contribution of the spore belongs to Deuteromycetes group was 71.76%, Ascomycetes 16.36%, other types 7.85%, Basidiomycetes 3.32% and Phycomycetes 0.71%. In this study Cladosporium was most dominant type among the fungal spores contributed 21.89% to the total air spora and Helminthosporium contributed 4.42%to the total airspora and ranked third from Deuteromycetes group. The airspora studies over Onion fields have contributed to understand the general components of airspora in this region. It also revealed that the occurrence of spores in air correlate with weather condition. The present study will be useful in divicing for disease forecasting system of Onion crop which would help for protecting the crops from infection and disease.

Sapindus emarginatus Vahl. a large sized tree belongs to Sapindaceae family, commonly called as Ritha. Ritha is useful medicinal plant used in the treatment different diseases. The Bark and fruit of plant is used by tribals, villagers and herbalist to treat eye diseases, diarrhea, Paralysis, Asthma, Nausea, Severe headache, Snake bite, Toothache, Dysentery and effective to reduces hair loss. The Pharmacognostic studies of plant drug are carried out for evaluation of drug and to detect the adulteration. It includes dermal characters like trichomes, stomata and anatomical features. The plant was analyzed for its preliminary screening of phytochemicals. The result reveals that the presence of bioactive constituents comprising Alkaloid, Tannin, Reducing sugar, Flavonoids, Saponins, Glycosides and Cardiac Glycosides. Antimicrobial assay also conducted to prove the proclaimed ethnobotanical claims. Present study helpful to standardize or evaluation of drugs.

The study area is the part of Melghat tiger project which is situated in Satpuda range. Ambabarwa wild life sanctuary is the northern part of Maharashtra and southern part of Madhya Pradesh. The work is based on medicinal plants which are usually practice by Korku and Bhil tribes from the Ambabarwa in the treatment of kidney stone. In Buldana District kidney stone is the most prevalent disease. Tribal communities basically depend on locally available plants to cure their various ailments. Traditional healers of this region used various plant species in the treatment of kidney stone. Authors attempt to procure information about plant species which are practiced by the tribes of this region in the treatment of kidney stone.

The present investigation was carried out to isolate the fungal pathogen of Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler from some ornamental plants.The antifungal activity was studied by using different selected medicinal plant leaf extracts. The fungal pathogen was isolated on potato dextrose agar medium. The crude extracts were prepared from Adhatoda vasica L., Aegle marmelos L., Annona squamosa L., Azadirachta indica L., capsicum annum L., Datura inoxia L., ocimum sanctum L., Nerium indicum L. etc. Out of these extracts Azadirachta indica L. has given promising results in cup plate method. The study of antifungal activity is useful for bio-control of fungal diseases

Aurangabad District is blessed with great history and nature having 2882.78 sq.km forest cover which accounted for 9% of the total geographical area of the district. The district is famous for Ajanta and Ellora caves. Aurangabad district having some tribal community in rural area. They know the importance of the wild edible plants. the present study deals with the identification, documentation and ethno botanical exploration with respect to food value of wild edible fruits from Aurangabad district. It reveals information about various edible fruits from 29 plant species. Collection and utilization of wild fruits provide seasonal security and become source of income to the local people.

Algae are reported to produce a number of secondary compounds like lectin, phyco-biliprotiens, phyco-erythrin, phyco-cynin, allophyco-cynin, phyco-erythrin, alkaloids, flavonoids, axasanthin etc. Algae also produce phytoharmone like IAA, IBA, cytokinin, gibberellin Jasmonic, Brassino sterrodes, Polyamines by various, group of algae division like, Chlorophyta- (Entaeromorha Chlorella Cladophora Protococcus Chlorella, Scendesmus, Dunaliella, Haemococuus), Caulerpa, Phaeophyta- (Ascophyllum, Laminaria, Fucus Ascophyllum, Sargassum, Macrocystis,), Rhodophyta- (Cyanidium, Gelidium, Grateloupia) etc.

An Ethnomedicinal plants survey was undertaken to collect the information of use of ethnobotanical plants for the treatment of Scorpion bite of Thakker in tribal Karjat Tahsil in Maharashtra during the year 2017-18. The indigenous knowledge of traditional healers about the local plants used medicinal purposes was collected through a questionnaire by taking interviews during field survey. During the visit to the field work with the healers enabled plants collection and documentation relating to the remedial information of plants used against Scorpion bite. In the survey of investigation 10 plant species belonging to different families used by the tribal community against scorpion bite are documented. The current study showed that the local or tribal people of this area still depend on medicinal plants for their Scorpion bites. The medicinal plants of this area are wealth of Thakar tribes for their health care. Their traditional knowledge needs to be collected and preserved for future generation which can use to understand remedial plant metabolites for preparation of herbal medicines.

The increasing prevalence of drug-resistant pathogens has gained the attention of pharmaceutical and scientific communities towards potential antimicrobial agents from plant derived sources. The present research work has been undertaken to study the antimicrobial activity of the chloroform extract of Cyperus rotundus L. against some human pathogens like Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella flexneri, Streptococcus pneamoniae, Klebsiella pneumonia and fungi Aspergillus niger by using agar well diffusion method. Inhibition zones ranged between 4.l2 ± 0.22 - 16.24 ± 0.11 mm. Roots extract inhibited the growth of all tested microorganisms with large zones of inhibition .The standard antibiotics chloramphenicol and miconuzole nitrate were found to have zone of inhibitions 10.05 ±0.12-24.12 ±0.20 mm at the concentration of 30 ug/ml. In contrast, the inhibition zone of chloroform (negative control) was almost zero for all the tested microorganisms. The spectrum activity of chloroform extract of this plant could be a possible source to obtain new and effective herbal medicines to treat various infectious diseases.

The world’s agricultural production is facing a lot of challenges. Abiotic stress conditions are identified to cause huge losses to the production of agriculture worldwide. Among all the abiotic stresses, high level of salinity stress is most harsh environmental stress. High salinity exerts its negative impact mainly by disturbing the ionic and osmotic equilibrium of the cell. In the saline soils, high levels of sodium ions lead to plant growth inhibition and even the death of plant. The main objective of this work was to understand the different physiological and biochemical features in responses to salinity in the horticulture crop i.e. tomato. This work assessed to check the effect of calcium chloride on the NaCl stressed two cultivars of tomato (C 21 and Pusa hybrid). Both the cultivars were treated with solution of 0mM, 60mM, 90mM, 120mM and 150 mM NaCl with 0.5mM, 1.0mM, 1.5mM and 2.0mM of CaCl2. The plants under the salinity stress had evident adverse effect on their growth. Different physiological parameters like germinability of seed, plant growth, fresh weight and dry weight selected cultivars were checked.

During the Phytosociological study of Dongargan sacred grove of Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra 20 tree species used for medicinal purpose by the local people are considered. Local people utilize these plants for treating various diseases/ailments. For the purpose of study Quadrate method is used. Quadrates of 100m X 100m size were randomly laid to study the trees species. Analytical characters such as frequency, density and abundance are calculated with the help of standard formulae.

The present Medicinal uses of plants by indigenous people of Mahur Taluka resulted in the information on the plants used in treating many diseases. 139 plants are used in Medicinal, Majority of the species used are from families Fabaceae, Liliaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Astaraceae and Euphorbiaceae. Most prevalent diseases/ailments found in the areas are Fever, Diabetes and Kidney stone etc. 12 species are used in Ethno-veterinary, 30 species are Wild Edible plants and 10 Fish poison plants are also collected.

Soil is one of the Most Important ecological factors. It is the outermost layer of earth crust and reservoir of minerals which are essential for the living organisms. The chemical fertilizer increases the plant growths which ensure food security of the world. Chemically produced plant is very dangerous to the human. Wastes from the industries are disposed into water bodies and added in soil, it degrades the soil health and hence causing the soil pollution. Due to the indiscriminate use of these chemical fertilizers and pesticides will threaten all the life from the earth. Therefore, crop production is depleting our environment and ecosystem. Hence continuous use of chemical fertilizer without taking measure will deplete all the natural resources. Food crops produced using chemical fertilizers may not be as nutritious because chemical fertilizers trade fast growth in plants, resulting in crops less nutritional value. Plants grow on essential nutrients have a cumulative effect on the health of people. Chemical fertilizers may increase the risks of developing cancer. The adverse effect of these synthetic chemicals on human health and environment can only be reduced by adopting new agricultural technological practices such as use of manure, biofertilizers, biopesticides & nano fertilizers etc. which would improve the efficiency of the fertilizers. Organic farming will create a healthy natural environment and ecosystem for the present as well as future generation.

Lagerstroemia indica it is reported to be useful in many condi-tions like fever, ulcers, and digestive disorders, anti-diabetic and skin diseases. Bark of the plant is used in Ayurveda system of medicine. They require standardization before it enters into the market. The present study was aimed at Pharmacognostic and preliminary phytochemical evalua-tion of the bark of Lagerstroemia indica L. The pharmacognostic investigations were carried out in terms of organoleptic, microscopic and physical parameters, behaviour of bark powder towards chemical reagents, Physico-chemical Evaluations, Phytochemical screening. The dried bark powder was subjected to cold maceration using hexane, alcohol, petroleum ether, chloroform, benzene, methanol, ethanol and water. The bark powder was subjected to a preliminary phytochemical screening to detect the different chemical principle. The phytochemical evaluation revealed the presence of flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, phenols.

Ceiba pentandra. is one of such ayurvedic remedy that has been mentioned in many Indian medicinal literatures. It is crucially significant as it has the largest number of phytochemicals and secondary metabolites having pharmacological and biological properties. The present work deals with development and standardization of phytochemical analysis for quantification of stem bark extract of medicinal plant of Ceiba pentandra Linn. The scientific parameter is necessary to identify the exact plant material and to find its quality and purity. The present study deals with various preliminary phytochemical analyses of various successive extracts such as qualitative chemical analysis. Tannins, saponins, alkaloids and flavonoids content of stem bark of the title plant have been determined. These studies indicated the possible information for correct identification and standardization of this plant material.

In the present study biodegradation of dumped polyethylene bags by microbial activity was carried out. Microorganisms isolated from waste disposal site at M.I.D.C, Wardha city of Maharashtra was incubated with pretreated dumped polyethylene for one month. Shake-flask method was used to study biodegradation ability of isolated microorganisms. The biodegradation of Polyethylene was first detected qualitatively with the formation of clearing zone on mineral salt medium agar plates supplemented with 0.1% (w/v) pretreated polyethylene. The initial and final dry weights of plastic bags before and after incubation in the culture medium were compared and the percentage of degradation was calculated. An important test for assessing biodegradation of plastics ie. CO2 evolution was also performed to ensure the progress of biodegradation in culture flasks. Seven isolates comprising five bacterial and two fungal species were obtained from four soil samples of waste disposal sites. Among all the treatments, isolate PD-4 was found to degrade polyethylene efficiently with 76.38% of weight loss in polyethylene and 46.87 mg of CO2 evolution after 30th day of incubation. This work reveals that the indigenous soil from waste disposal site at M.I.D.C, area of Wardha city is a good source of microbes capable of degrading plastics.